Cigarette Smoke Induces the Risk of Metabolic Bone Diseases: Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling Impairment via Dysfunctional Primary Cilia Affects Migration, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

It is well established that smoking has a detrimental effect on the integrity of the bone and is preventable risk factor for metabolic bone disorders. Following orthopedic surgery, smokers often exhibit delayed fracture healing is associated with Rabbit Clia Kits many complications, resulting in a prolonged hospital stay.

 One important factor that is responsible for fracture repair is the recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the early stages, the mechanism mediated by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Although it is known that smokers often experience decreased levels of TGF-β, little is known about the signal is actually happening in these patients. We investigated the effects of cigarette smoke on the TGF-β signaling in the MSC to evaluate the steps in the pathway are affected by cigarette smoke extract (CSE). 

Single-cell-derived human mesenchymal stem cell line (SCP-1 cells) were treated with CSE concentration associated with smoking up to 20 cigarettes a day. TGF-β signaling was analyzed using a system of adenovirus-based reporter assay. primary cilia structure and downstream of TGF-β signaling modulators (Smad2, Smad3, and SMAD4) were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. CSE exposure significantly reduced TGF-β signaling. 

Interestingly, we observed that the protein levels of phospho-Smad2 / 3 (the active form) and nuclear translocation of phospho-Smad3 / 4 complex decreased after exposure to CSE, the signal propagation phenomena affected. CSE exposure reduces the activation of TGF-β modulators under constitutive activation of TGF-β receptor type I (ALK5), which proves that the CSE affect downstream signal from the receptor ALK5 but not the binding of the cytokine to the receptor itself. CSE-mediated TGF-β signaling interference MSC migration, proliferation, and differentiation and ultimately affect endochondral ossification. Thus, we conclude that the interference CSE-mediated TGF-β signaling in MSCs partly responsible for delayed fracture healing in smokers.
Cigarette Smoke Induces the Risk of Metabolic Bone Diseases: Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling Impairment via Dysfunctional Primary Cilia Affects Migration, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Transfer of surgical clips in patients with Human Acellular Dermal Matrix in the excision cavity during Whole Breast Irradiation After Breast-Conserving Surgery.


he purpose of this study was to investigate the transfer of a surgical clip in the excision cavity during whole breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with or without acellular dermal matrix (ADM) insertion, and analyze the factors associated with displacement clips.From clinicopathologic surgical 2016-2017, 100 patients with breast cancer who underwent Rat Clia Kits consecutive BCS with a surgical clip placement (superior, inferior, medial, lateral and inside) on a bed of tumors included in this study. 

All patients first take the planning computed tomography (CT) scan (CT 1) prior to whole breast irradiation and a second CT scan (CT-2) before increasing irradiation. Between the two sets of CT planning, a surgical clip calculated displacement of ΔX (lateral-medial), ΔY (anterior-posterior), ΔZ (superior-inferior), and three-dimensional (3D) direction. Patients were divided into two groups according to the replacement of the breast volume with ADM: ADM and group A with group B without ADM.

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